Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was an English novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and critic who wrote under the pen name of George Orwell.
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was an English novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and critic who wrote under the pen name of George Orwell. ◦ He is best known for his allegorical novella *Animal Farm* (1945) and the dystopian novel *Nineteen Eighty-Four* (1949). ◦ His non-fiction works include *The Road to Wigan Pier* (1937), documenting his experience of working-class life in industrial Northern England, and *Homage to Catalonia* (1938), an account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War. ◦ Before becoming a writer he served five years in the Imperial Police in Burma. ◦ In 2008, *The Times* named Orwell the second-greatest British writer since 1945. ◦ Orwell wrote that from a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, he knew that when he grew up he should be a writer. ◦
Orwell's work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to all totalitarianism (both authoritarian communism and fascism), and support of democratic socialism. ◦ He wrote that every line of serious work that he had written since 1936 had been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as he understood it. ◦ In "Why I Write" he names four great motives for writing prose: sheer egoism, aesthetic enthusiasm, historical impulse, and political purpose. ◦ He identified nationalism as the habit of identifying oneself with a single nation or other unit, placing it beyond good and evil and recognizing no other duty than that of advancing its interests, and he insisted that nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. ◦ In "Shooting an Elephant" he wrote that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. ◦
Orwell decided that every line of serious work he wrote since 1936 would be written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as he understood it. ◦ He observed that it was invariably where he lacked a political purpose that he wrote lifeless books and was betrayed into purple passages, sentences without meaning, decorative adjectives and humbug generally. ◦ With *Animal Farm*, he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole. ◦
Orwell argued that language and thought are reciprocal: English becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts, and the point is that the process is reversible. ◦ He identified "Indifference to Reality" as a mark of nationalism, noting that all nationalists have the power of not seeing resemblances between similar sets of facts, and that a British Tory will defend self-determination in Europe and oppose it in India with no feeling of inconsistency. ◦ He perceived that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys, and that he wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. ◦
Orwell was an English novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and critic. ◦ He documented working-class life in industrial Northern England in *The Road to Wigan Pier*. ◦ He wrote an account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War in *Homage to Catalonia*. ◦ He served five years in the Imperial Police in Burma before becoming a writer. ◦ He is best known for his allegorical novella *Animal Farm* (1945) and the dystopian novel *Nineteen Eighty-Four* (1949), and the adjective "Orwellian"—describing totalitarian and authoritarian social practices—is part of the English language, as are his neologisms "Big Brother", "Thought Police", "Newspeak", "doublethink", and "thoughtcrime". ◦ He analyzed the reciprocal relationship between language and thought in political discourse. ◦ He defined and critiqued nationalism as a habit of identifying oneself with a single unit placed beyond good and evil. ◦
Orwell's work is characterised by lucid prose. ◦ He wrote that one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to efface one's own personality, and that good prose is like a windowpane. ◦ In "Politics and the English Language" he argued that language and thought are reciprocal: English becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts, and the process is reversible. ◦ He wrote that in our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible, and that political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. ◦ He further wrote that political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. ◦ He gave six rules for writing, including never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print; never use a long word where a short one will do; if it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out; and break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. ◦
Orwell names sheer egoism as one of four great motives for writing, while also asserting that one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to efface one's own personality. ◦ He values aesthetic enthusiasm as a motive, yet observes that it was invariably where he lacked a political purpose that he wrote lifeless books and was betrayed into purple passages, sentences without meaning, decorative adjectives and humbug generally. ◦
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